Acids are among the most difficult-to-handle raw materials in the chemical process industries. Most are highly corrosive, requiring special attention in handling and storage. For the most common acids, phosphoric acid (H3PO4), hydrochloric acid (HCl), hydrofluoric acid (HF), and hydrobromic acid (HBr), materials of construction for tanks, pumps, piping and other equipment is covered, as well as essential health and safety issues, fire and explosion hazards and spill handling. The permissible exposure limits assigned by OSHA (Occupational Health and Safety Administration) are given. Following the procedures outlined will save time and money, and prevent accidents. The recommended material of construction for tanks, pumps and piping systems used with H3PO4 is type 316 Extra-Low-Carbon stainless steel. Hydrochloric acid should be stored in tanks similar to those used for H3PO4 acid and sulfuric acid (H2SO4). Pumps and piping systems for HCl are typically made of TFE or PVDF. All grades of nitric acid are stored in tanks similar to those for H3PO4 and H2SO4. Type 304L stainless steel is commonly used in pumps for HNO3 or piping systems. Storage tanks for anhydrous HF and 70 weight-% HF are made of carbon steel. Electronic-grade HF storage tanks are made of natural-rubber-lined carbon steel. The choice of the material for pumps and piping systems depends on the concentration of HF. Materials for storage tanks, pumps and piping systems include plastic-lined carbon steel or solid-acid resistant materials. The properties of perchloric acid (HClO4) as well as handling recommendations and materials of construction are covered separately.
Safe, efficient handling of acids
Chemical Engineering, New York ; 105 , 13 ; 104-112
1998
9 Seiten, 5 Bilder, 1 Tabelle, 4 Quellen
Article (Journal)
English
Safe, efficient handling of acids
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