The dominant materials technology used for ballistic transparency protection of armored tactical platforms in commercial and military applications is low cost glass. Currently, the development of next generation ceramics is a key to providing enhanced protection capability and extended service performance for future armored windows. A development program is underway to improve processing and reduce costs associated with transparent ceramic materials, such as magnesium aluminate spinel, MgAl2O4. A critical element of this development is to understand the influence of defects on the failure performances, both statically and dynamically. Although commercial efforts continue to focus on critical cost reduction and processing parameters, interest continues to grow toward applying ceramics toward armor system design. Future ballistic designs are being assembled in a virtual environment to begin to extrapolate the importance of defects, including flaw density, crystal orientation, shape and size, position with respect to the ceramic surface, and ceramic plate dimensions on the performance of ceramic spinel under dynamic impacts. While additional developments remain to be completed, the successful development of process methods that result in consistent high quality transparent ceramics is allowing validation of models to increase the insertion potential for these transparent ceramics into next generation tactical military platforms. The purpose of this report is to demonstrate the importance of modeling tools in advancing ceramic transparent armor materials to fielded applications. The effect of various shape defects, located in the interior and on the surface of spinel, on the failure of the transparent material will be discussed in detail.


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