Particulate matter (PM) emissions from heavy-duty diesel vehicles (HDDVs) were collected using a chassis dynamometer/dilution sampling system that employed filterbased samplers, cascade impactors, and scanning mobility particle size (SMPS) measurements. Four diesel vehicles with different engine and emission control technologies were tested using the California Air Resources Board Heavy Heavy-Duty Diesel Truck (HHDDT) 5 mode driving cycle. Vehicles were tested using a simulated inertial weight of either 56,000 or 66,000 lb. Exhaust particles were then analyzed for total carbon, elemental carbon (EC), organic matter (OM), and water-soluble ions. HDDV fine (=1.8 microns aerodynamic diameter; PM(1.8)) and ultrafine (0.056 microns to 0.1 microns aerodynamic diameter; PM(0.1)) PM emission rates ranged from 181 mg/kg to 581 mg/km and 25 mg/kg to 72 mg/km, respectively, with the highest emission rates in both size fractions associated with the oldest vehicle tested. Older diesel vehicles produced fine and ultrafine exhaust particles with higher EC/OM ratios than newer vehicles. Transient modes produced very high EC/OM ratios whereas idle and creep modes produced very low EC/OM ratios. Calcium was the most abundant watersoluble ion with smaller amounts of magnesium, sodium, ammonium ion, and sulfate also detected. Particle mass distributions emitted during the full 5-mode HDDV tests peaked between 100 nm to 180 nm and their shapes were not a function of vehicle age. In contrast, particle mass distributions emitted during the idle and creep driving modes from the newest diesel vehicle had a peak diameter of approximately 70 nm, whereas mass distributions emitted from older vehicles had a peak diameter larger than 100 nm for both the idle and creep modes. Increasing inertial loads reduced the OM emissions, causing the residual EC emissions to shift to smaller sizes. The same HDDV tested at 56,000 and 66,000 lb had higher PM(0.1) EC emissions (+22%) and lower PM(0.1) OM emissions (-38%) at the higher load condition.
Size and composition distributions of particulate matter emissions: Part 2 - heavy-duty diesel vehicles
Journal of the Air and Waste Management Association ; 57 , 12 ; 1429-1438
2007
10 Seiten, 5 Bilder, 5 Tabellen, 54 Quellen
Article (Journal)
English
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