RoadRoad, railRail, airAir, maritimeMaritime, and multimodal transportTransportsystemsSystems have been operated and plannedPlanned by transportTransport companies, agencies, and policyPolicy makers at local, regional, national, and international levelLevel. They have relatively frequently been exposed to different internalInternal and externalExternaldisruptiveDisruptiveeventsEvent, which impacted the plannedPlanned/regularRegularfunctionalityFunctionality of performancesPerformances of their componentsComponent—infrastructureInfrastructure, vehiclesVehicle, and supportive facilitiesFacilities and equipmentEquipment—generally making them either unaffected or affected to the certain scale. Consequently, the main actorsActors/stakeholdersStakeholders such as transportTransport operators and different closely related agencies, users—passengersPassenger and freightFreight/cargoCargoshippersShippers—and close population/society have been imposed the additional costsCost. This chapter describes the strategies and evaluation of investmentsInvestments for enhancing resilienceResilience and robustnessRobustness and reducing vulnerabilityVulnerability of these transportTransportsystemsSystems, and their relation to sustainability when exposed to the impactsImpact of different disruptiveDisruptiveeventsEvent. Some directions for prospective research are also shortly described.


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