In this chapter, the principle elements of ANS in terms of infrastructures, organizations, and processes as well as the main technical principles of the systems used are introduced. These characteristics are required to complete the view on the ATS and to show how ANSP is capable to fulfil its key responsibilities. First, the main organizational structures are introduced and then the set up of air space structures is discussed. In the third section, the most relevant navigation systems are presented with their general characteristics and features. The control and separation strategies are discussed in the fourth section, finally followed by a short introduction to navigation fees.


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