Abstract Magnetic activity on the Sun causes disturbances moving out through interplanetary space as a stronger than usual solar wind. Enhanced solar activity can also produce large fluxes of penetrating energetic protons of great destructive potential. When either of these phenomena arrives near the Earth and strikes a satellite or spacecraft, damage is likely to be done, either directly and indirectly. Here, we give an overview of the several different effects which occur in low Earth orbit (LEO), in medium Earth orbit (MEO), and in geostationary orbit (GEO) as well as in high inclination elliptical Earth orbits where positioning satellites are located.


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