Abstract This paper explores the relevance of a new class of upper stages commonly referred to as Orbital Transfer Vehicles (OTVs) or Kick-Stages, and the importance of green propellants in the development of such systems. Orbital Transfer Vehicles are currently developed for diverse applications by many entities and are expected to have a major impact in the future of space missions and overall space sector. Such systems are commonly connected to the topic of On-Orbit Servicing with the promise of unlocking new missions, including active space debris removal, multi-payload to multi-orbit delivery, in-orbit experiments, in-orbit refuelling and other generic services. Green propulsion is an increasingly prevalent trend in the space industry that has experienced significant growth in recent decades with the main objective of identifying suitable alternatives to commonly used, toxic liquid propellants for in-space applications. The study investigates the synergies between the two themes, underlining the advantages that a widespread use of green technologies could bring to the overall sector, but also examining the final benefits to the system design of OTVs. Due to the numerous and challenging propulsive system requirements associated with these systems, green technologies are analysed to determine their advantages and disadvantages in comparison with current concepts, outlining current trends and expected future developments. The focus is on attainable performances of propulsion systems with respect to the required dry and inert mass. Various architectures of the different green alternatives based on hydrogen peroxide and the more peculiar self-pressurized propellants are proposed, exploring green propellants-based designs that can offer synergies and advantages over classical ones. These new architectures offer performance comparable to classical and widely available toxic alternatives and present the important advantage of using easy-to-handle propellants. The development of such new options has the potential to enable innovative future designs by improving mass and size requirements of new propulsion systems, thereby enhancing the current landscape.

    Highlights Orbital Transfer Vehicles are emerging in the space sector as enabling technology. The propulsion systems of Orbital Transfer Vehicles are crucial for the success of their missions. Green Propellants offer various synergies possibly advantageous for new OTV designs. Green Propellants perform well against toxic alternatives, but have less heritage. Multiple design choices based on green propellants are proposed and compared.


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    Title :

    Performance comparison of green propulsion systems for future Orbital Transfer Vehicles


    Contributors:

    Published in:

    Acta Astronautica ; 217 ; 100-115


    Publication date :

    2024-01-26


    Size :

    16 pages




    Type of media :

    Article (Journal)


    Type of material :

    Electronic Resource


    Language :

    English