Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) applications, such as ancillary services to the grid, are generally recognized as having an important role in maximizing the total value of a vehicle. To help realize this potential, it is necessary to develop standard "drive cycles" for exposure of batteries to grid applications. Such drive cycles are, of course, important for stationary energy storage too. The following question is addressed in this paper: Can the characteristics of a typical regulation signal to be used for V2G applications be captured in a small number of test cycles for standardized testing of the performance batteries? Four-second regulation signals from PJM over 175 days during March to August were analyzed to address the following question: Can the characteristics be captured in a small number of test cycles for standardized testing of the performance batteries when deployed to also provide regulation services to the grid? Extensive statistical, spectral and wavelet and cluster analyses were performed to address these questions. The main conclusions are: l.The diurnal and seasonal pattern of regulation requirements appears to be generally wellmatched with the availability and charge/discharge requirements of vehicle batteries. When providing regulation services, higher overall charging is needed during the night. The regulation requirements are generally less during the day. High frequency regulation requirements are generally less during summer months. 2. The diversity in the signal was large such that there was no clear indication of a small number of distinctive "utility drive-cycles. Nevertheless, recommendations have been developed for a set of a "utility" drive-cycles that are informed by a deep understanding of battery stress tests. The recommendations are summarized as follows: i. A low frequency signal with a period of about 1 hour, ii. High frequency signals oscillating symmetrically around zero, iii. charging discharging curves with an superimposed upward and downward slope directionality and sign of the signal changing from positive to negative or vice versa.


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    Titel :

    Toward a standard for a "utility-drive" cycle for electric vehicles: A means to reduce the uncertainties for vehicle-to-grid applications


    Beteiligte:

    Erschienen in:

    Erscheinungsdatum :

    2012


    Format / Umfang :

    9 Seiten, 10 Bilder, 6 Quellen



    Medientyp :

    Aufsatz (Konferenz)


    Format :

    Print


    Sprache :

    Englisch




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