A lifecycle analysis of electric vehicles with recently developed batteries such as lithium-ion and nickel metal hydride batteries was carried out. The analysis is focused on the input energy and gas emission of CO2 and NO(x) in the production and operation stages in Japan. The analysis on batteries and electric vehicles clarifies the following points. The input energy and gas emission in the production stage of lithium-ion batteries would be less than those of lead-acid batteries per 1 kWh of unit battery energy capacity, if the target goal of energy density, 150 Wh/kg, can be achieved. In the case of an electric vehicle with a 45 kWh lithium-ion battery system, battery production accounts for about 40% of the total energy and gas emission in the production process. Electric vehicles with 45 kWh lithium-ion batteries will be superior with respect to gas emissions of CO2 and NO(x) over 30,000-60,000 km of cumulative driving distance compared to conventional gasoline-powered vehicles. To ensure the advantage of electric vehicles concerning CO2 and NO(x) emissions, the energy consumption rate (mileage) of 5 km/kWh-ac under practical operation must be achieved. This means that the reduction of charging energy loss is a very important factor, particularly for the nickel metal hydride batteries. Night-time charging of electric vehicles improves the emission of CO2 in the operation stage.
Lifecycle analysis of electric vehicles with advanced batteries in Japan
Lebensdauer-Zyklus-Überprüfung an Batterien mit fortschrittlicher Technologie für Elektroautos in Japan
1999
9 Seiten, Bilder, 11 Tabellen, 8 Quellen
Aufsatz (Konferenz)
Englisch
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