This chapter contains sections titled:

    Low‐Speed Tests with an ELAC‐Model at High Reynolds Numbers

    Introduction

    Wind Tunnel Models

    Pressure Distributions Influenced by Reynolds Number

    Flow Field Influenced by Reynolds Number

    Force Coefficients Influenced by Reynolds Number

    Conclusion

    Experimental and Numerical Analysis of Supersonic Flow over the ELAC‐Configuration

    Introduction

    Experimental Setup

    Numerical Method

    Results

    Flow Over the Orbital Stage and the EOS/Flat Plate Configuration

    Separation of ELAC1C and EOS

    Conclusions

    Stage Separation – Aerodynamics and Flow Physics

    Introduction

    Methodology and Vehicle Geometries

    Numerical Simulation

    Flow Solver

    Grid Generation

    Experimental Simulation

    Models and Facility

    Measurement Technique and Test Programme

    Steady State Flow

    Dominant Flow Phenomena

    Inviscid Case – 2D and 3D Simulations

    Viscous Effects – Laminar and Turbulent Flow

    Comparison of Experimental and Numerical Results

    Unsteady Aerodynamics

    Longitudinal Motion – Dynamic Separation

    Lateral Motion – Disturbance Effects

    Detailed Two‐Stage‐to‐Orbit Configuration

    Conclusions and Outlook

    DNS of Laminar‐Turbulent Transition in the Low Hypersonic Regime

    Introduction

    Numerical Approach

    Governing Equations

    Spatial and Time Discretization

    Initial and Boundary Conditions

    Transition on Flat Plate and Sharp Cone

    Application‐Specific Details of the Numerical Method

    Results: Simulation of a Controlled Experiment

    Results: Flat Plate and Cone at M=6.8

    Transitional Shock‐Wave/Boundary‐Layer Interaction at Ma=4.8

    Application‐Specific Details of the Numerical Method

    Results: Impinging Shock on a Flat Plate vs. Compression Ramp at Ma=4.8

    Conclusions

    Numerical Simulation of High‐Enthalpy Nonequilibrium Air Flows

    Aerothermodynamic Aspects of Re‐Entry Flows

    Inviscid Fluxes

    Thermal Relaxation

    Electronic Excitation

    Thermochemical Relaxation

    Transport Coefficients

    Turbulence

    Electrical Discharge

    Gas‐Surface Interaction Modelling

    Radiative Exchange at the Surface

    Heat Conduction within TPS Materials

    Numerics and Parallelization

    Conservation Equations

    Solver

    Multiblock

    Metacomputing

    Adaptive Grids

    Results

    Simulation of the Re‐Entry of the X‐38

    Simulation of the Plasma Source RD5

    Flow Simulation and Problems in Ground Test Facilities

    Introduction

    Validation of a Short Duration Supersonic Wind Tunnel for Natural Laminar Turbulent Transition Studies

    Introduction to the Problem

    The Shock Wind Tunnel at Stuttgart University

    Detection Techniques for Flow Disturbance Fields

    Free Stream Disturbance Measurements in the Shock Wind Tunnel

    Transition Experiments in the Test Section Flow

    Conclusion and Aspects

    Plasma Wind Tunnels

    Plasma Generators

    Arc‐Driven Plasma Generators (TPG and MPG)

    Inductively Heated Plasma Generators (IPGs)

    Heat Flux Simulation for X‐38 Using PWK1 as Example for PWK Investigation

    Characterization of High‐Enthalpy Flows

    Intrusive Measurement Methods

    Material Sample Support System

    Heat Flux Measurements

    Non‐Intrusive Techniques

    Emission Spectroscopy

    Laser‐Induced Fluorescence

    Thomson Scattering for Electron Temperature and Density Determination

    High‐Resolution Spectroscopy and Fabry Perot Interferometry

    Flight Instrumentation (PYREX, RESPECT, PHLUX, COMPARE)

    Description of PYREX‐KAT38 (Pyrometric Entry Experiment)

    RESPECT (Re‐Entry SPECTrometer)

    COMPARE

    Numerical Simulation of Flow Fields Past Space Transportation Systems

    Introduction

    Numerical Scheme

    Basic Equations

    Initial and Boundary Conditions

    Spatial Discretization in Structured Grids

    Spatial Discretization in Unstructured Grids

    Structured/Unstructured Coupling

    Temporal Integration

    Results

    Geometry of the Two‐Stage System

    Flow Past ELAC

    Flow Past ELAC‐1c

    Simplified Stage Separation

    Conclusions

    High‐Speed Aerodynamics of the Two‐Stage ELAC/EOS‐Configuration for Ascend and Re‐entry

    Introduction and Experimental Conditions

    Measurement Equipment

    Pressure Measurement

    Temperature and Heatflux Measurement

    Force and Moment Measurement

    Flow Visualization

    Measurements on the ELAC‐ and EOS‐Configurations

    Pressure and Heat Flux Measurements on the ELAC‐Configuration

    Force and Moment Measurements on the ELAC‐Configuration

    Pressure and Heat Flux Measurements on the EOS‐Configuration

    Force and Moment Measurements on the EOS‐Configuration

    Detailed Measurements on Ramp‐Configurations

    Laminar and Turbulent Shock‐Wave/Boundary‐Layer Interactions

    Theoretical Considerations

    Ramp Flows with Variation of Surface Temperature

    Description of Ramp Model

    Schlieren Pictures and Position of Separation

    Determination of Pressure Coefficients

    Determination of Stanton Numbers

    Conclusions


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