Photovoltaic cells are well established as the appropriate primary power source for most space missions. For long duration missions that cannot rely on harnessing the external power of the sun, electrochemical processes are simply too low in energy density to provide useful sustained power. Nuclear processes, however, can have huge energy densities, and for this reason, nuclear power systems (NPS) are the only current alternative to solar arrays for long-term generation of power in space. Although nuclear power has been in use since the beginnings of spaceflight, it remains a niche technology that has not enjoyed the visibility and commercial sector development effort of solar photovoltaics. However, as the space science and exploration programmes look to the outer planets or to long-duration lander missions, nuclear power becomes a key enabling technology. It is logical and useful to divide space nuclear power systems into three categories. In order of increasing complexity, these are: Direct production of heat by radioactive decay. Electrical power generation via radioactive decay heat. Nuclear reactor systems. Past and future mission applications for these are briefly considered before examining, in greater detail, the technology challenges presented by the first two classes of NPS and the radioactive decay heat systems. Of particular current interest are the various methods for conversion of heat to electrical power. For space nuclear power systems, thermoelectricity has been the dominant technology, due to its long-term reliability and vibration-free operation. However, the cost, mass, and safety implications of radioisotopic fuel provide a strong driver to move towards higher-efficiency conversion techniques that could greatly reduce the fuel quantities required. This paper reviews the established technologies used in space nuclear power systems, and then looks to the future, summarising the main areas of worldwide development and considering the requirements that will influence the direction of work in this field in the coming years.
Nuclear power technologies for deep space and planetary missions
Kernenergietechnologien für den tiefen weltraum und Planeten-Missionen
2008
10 Seiten, 19 Quellen
Conference paper
Storage medium
English
Nuclear Power Technologies for Deep Space and Planetary Missions
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