Chemical ionization mass spectrometry was applied to determine the benzene emission characteristic of 4-stroke motorbikes at a time resolution of about 1 Hz during legislative and transient driving. At hot engine, emission factors varied from 40-280 and from 10-140 mg/km for motorbikes without and with three-way catalysts, respectively, indicating that the catalyst moderately reduced benzene emissions. A comparison of the obtained emission factors with those reported previously for the latest passenger car technology revealed that 4-stroke motorbikes, indeed, are a relevant source of benzene. Mean emission factors of 0.3, 1.6 and 3.1 as well as 1.8, 0.5 and 0.3 mg/km were found for gasoline- (EURO-3) and dieselfueled (EURO-2) passenger car fleets at urban, extra-urban and highway driving in the CADC[1]. Thus benzene emissions of the investigated 4-stroke motorbike fleet are two to three orders of magnitude higher than those of EURO-3 passenger cars. In other words, the same amount of benzene is emitted in one kilometer of motorbike driving or up to 1000 km of driving with the latest passenger car technology. In addition, cold start emissions were addressed as well and the determined emission levels were in the same order of magnitude than those of gasoline fueled passenger cars. The presented data proves that 4-stroke motorbikes are an important source of benzene emissions even so the current three-way catalyst technology (TWC) showed already a positive effect. We conclude that benzene emissions from 4-stroke motorbikes have to be lowered considerably and the applied technology including the exhaust gas aftertreatment has to be improved to reduce benzene levels in the urban environment and with it the cancer risk of the exposed population.
Benzene emissions of 4-stroke motorbikes - potential of the current TWC-technology
2004
8 Seiten, 3 Bilder, 1 Tabelle, 3 Quellen
Conference paper
English
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