Navigation involves control of an aircraft’s flight path and guidance for its mission. It is explained that accurate and high integrity navigation is essential for both civil and military aircraft. It is stated that there are two basic methods of navigation, namely, dead reckoning (DR) and position fixing systems. The various types within each method are detailed followed by an explanation of the principles and mathematics underlying them.

    DR navigation systems are described. In order of increasing accuracy these are Air data-based DR navigation, Doppler/heading reference systems, inertial navigation (IN) systems and aided IN systems. For IN systems, the importance of Schuler tuning, gyro drift correction and initial alignment is explained. For aided IN systems, it is shown how accuracy is improved by combining outputs with another system such as Doppler radar or satellite navigation systems (GPS), using a Kalman filter.

    The principles of Attitude Heading Reference Systems (AHRS) are explained along with the associated mathematics.

    Position fixing systems are described. These include VOR/DME, TACAN, GPS and Terrain Reference Navigation (TRN).

    For TRN systems, it is explained how they derive an aircraft’s position by correlating sensed terrain measurements with known terrain features, stored in a database, near the aircraft’s estimated position.


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