An assessment of the potential for and the environmental effects of electric and CNG (compressed natural gas) powered vehicles in the communal vehicle fleet of the city of Amsterdam is described. Three scenarios are developed, ranging from a minimum scenario including only vehicles of a few large fleet owners to a maximum scenario including all passenger cars and vans that meet the economic criterion (yearly costs decrease) and some special vehicles. For the introduction of CNG powered buses two scenarios are developed. In the first scenario only the buses of the smallest garage are converted to CNG, in the second all buses are converted. For the introduction of electric vehicles the driving range of those vehicles is the crucial restriction. Two scenarios are developed. The first is based on the current lead-acid batteries, allowing a maximum of 6000 kilometers per year. The second is based on sodium-sulfur batteries, allowing a maximum of 12,000 kilometers per year. To evaluate the environmental effects of these scenarios, an 'air pollution index' is developed, which includes nitrogen oxides, sulfur dioxide, hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, and dust. The effects on carbon dioxide emissions are treated separately. From an economic point of view the introduction of electric vehicles is, given the current prices of vehicles and batteries, hardly feasible, even if the environmental benefits are taken into account. Special attention is given to social-psychological problems that are connected with the introduction of a new technology like CNG powered vehicles. 37 refs., 40 tabs., 8 apps.


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