The paper reviews two techniques for restraining the use of the automobile: residential parking permits and traffic restraint devices. Parking permits are issued when parking by non-residents interferes with the parking needs and other neighborhood needs of the resident. Traffic restraint devices are physical measures placed on residential streets to inhibit the flow of traffic and to divert this traffic to designated streets. The first half of this paper discusses parking policies, the causes of the parking problem, the effects it has on the neighborhood, and the parking permit as a solution to this problem. A summary of parking policies in 40 communities and case studies for Cambridge, MA, San Francisco, CA, and Washington, DC are provided. The second half of the paper concerns the use of traffic restraint devices in neighborhoods and addresses the problem of through-traffic and its negative effects. Traffic restraint devices appear to be the most readily available solution to the problem, and their implementation and effectiveness are discussed. The devices that are used in the United States and their use in 37 communities and case studies for Berkeley, CA and Seattle, WA are summarized. The report concludes that parking permit programs have become a popular means of restraining the use of the automobile in residential areas, and that existing programs have been successful.


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