Highlights Using panel data all time-invariant unobserved factors are controlled for. Renewing long-term PT contracts substantially reduces operational costs and subsidies and increases ridership. The effect of competitive tendering is completely absent. Firms operate under constant returns to scale.
Abstract In this paper, we aim to estimate the effect of contract renewal as well as competitive tendering on public transport costs, subsidies, and ridership. More specifically, we examine to what extent (multiple) contract renewals and introduction of competitive tendering for long-term public transport contracts affect ridership, operational costs and subsidies in concession areas governed by public transportation authorities from 2001 until 2013 in the Netherlands. Our identification strategy improves on the literature as we are able to control for all time-invariant unobserved factors, such as network and area characteristics by using panel data. We show that when renewing long-term contracts, operational costs are reduced by at least 10%, whereas subsidies fall even stronger. For contracts that are renewed at least twice, the reduction in costs is even more substantial and in the order of 16%. We find that the effect of competitive tendering is completely absent, suggesting that the threat of competitive tendering is sufficient in a market where the majority of concessions is competitive tendered. Contract renewal not only reduces costs and subsidies, but simultaneously increases public transport ridership by 7.7%. Furthermore the vehicle-hours elasticity of operational costs is 0.40, pointing to strong economies of density. The geographical scale elasticity of operational costs is around one, which indicates constant returns to scale with respect to the geographical size of the concession area. This suggest that the current size of the Dutch concession area is optimal with respect to costs.
The effect of contract renewal and competitive tendering on public transport costs, subsidies and ridership
Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice ; 87 ; 78-89
2016-03-07
12 pages
Article (Journal)
Electronic Resource
English
Public transport , Costs , Regulation , Contract , Tendering
Competitive tendering and cross-shareholding in public passenger transport
Online Contents | 2016
|Compulsory Competitive Tendering
British Library Online Contents | 1993
|California Rail Passenger Ridership and Subsidies: A Historical Perspective
British Library Conference Proceedings | 1996
|