Abstract During spaceflight the immune system is one of the most affected systems of the human body. During the SIMBOX (Science in Microgravity Box) mission on Shenzhou-8, we investigated microgravity-associated long-term alterations in macrophageal cells, the most important effector cells of the immune system. We analyzed the effect of long-term microgravity on the cytoskeleton and immunologically relevant surface molecules. Human U937 cells were differentiated into a macrophageal phenotype and exposed to microgravity or 1g on a reference centrifuge on-orbit for 5 days. After on-orbit fixation, the samples were analyzed with immunocytochemical staining and confocal microscopy after landing. The unmanned Shenzhou-8 spacecraft was launched on board a Long March 2F (CZ-2F) rocket from the Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center (JSLC) and landed after a 17-day-mission. We found a severely disturbed actin cytoskeleton, disorganized tubulin and distinctly reduced expression of CD18, CD36 and MHC-II after the 5 days in microgravity. The disturbed cytoskeleton, the loss of surface receptors for bacteria recognition, the activation of T lymphocytes, the loss of an important scavenger receptor and of antigen-presenting molecules could represent a dysfunctional macrophage phenotype. This phenotype in microgravity would be not capable of migrating or recognizing and attacking pathogens, and it would no longer activate the specific immune system, which could be investigated in functional assays. Obviously, the results have to be interpreted with caution as the model system has some limitations and due to numerous technical and biological restrictions (e.g. 23°C and no CO2 supply during in-flight incubation). All parameter were carefully pre-tested on ground. Therefore, the experiment could be adapted to the experimental conditions available on Shenzhou-8.
Highlights We investigated human macrophageal cells in long-term microgravity. We analyzed the cytoskeleton and immunologically relevant surface molecules. The experiment was performed during the German-Chinese SIMBOX/Shenzhou-8 mission. We found a severely disturbed actin cytoskeleton and disorganized tubulin. We detected reduced expression of CD18, CD36 and MHC-II.
Severe disruption of the cytoskeleton and immunologically relevant surface molecules in a human macrophageal cell line in microgravity—Results of an in vitro experiment on board of the Shenzhou-8 space mission
Acta Astronautica ; 94 , 1 ; 277-292
2013-06-07
16 pages
Article (Journal)
Electronic Resource
English
CC , cell culture chamber , CMSEO , China manned space engineering office , DLR , German Aerospace Center , GESSA , General Establishment of Space Science Application , ESA , European Space Agency , EUE , experiment unique equipments , HEPES , N-2-hydroxyethylpiperazine-N′-2-ethanesulfonic acid , H/W , Hardware , ISS , International Space Station , JSLC , Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center , LFA-1 , leukocyte function-associated antigen-1 , LT , local time , MAC-1/CR3 , macrophage antigen-1/complement receptor 3 , μg , microgravity , PEEK , polyether ether ketone , PFA , paraformaldehyde , PMA , 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate , PITC , payload integration and test center , TCC , test culture chambers , TUNEL , TdT-mediated dUTP- biotin nick end labeling , SIMBOX , Science in Microgravity Box , UTC , Coordinated Universal Time , Macrophages , Innate immunity , Microgravity , Gravisensitivity , Spaceflight
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