This study analyzes how Indonesia's international trade was affected by its own lockdown policies (domestic) and those of its trading partners (external) in response to COVID-19. The study differentiates between sea freight and air freight, as well as products affected by specific non-tariff measures. Event-study results show that the decline in imports (which were more negatively affected than exports) was mainly attributed to external lockdowns, the impacts of which were more pronounced and persistent for imports entering Indonesia by air (due to restrictions to international travel) and imports subject to port-related non-tariff measures. Domestic lockdowns adversely affected intermediate imports subject to non-tariff measures requiring physical inspection, testing, and approval processes. External lockdowns, which also had a larger impact on exports relative to domestic policies, affected sea and air exports evenly. Demand factors (specifically, workplace closures and stay-at-home orders) in the partner countries were the drivers of the decline in exports. Enhancing trade facilitation to keep goods moving as smoothly as possible, reforming specific non-tariff measures, and improving customs and other procedures would ensure fewer disruptions from shocks in a globally integrated world


    Access

    Access via TIB

    Check availability in my library

    Order at Subito €


    Export, share and cite



    Title :

    Trade Policies and Sea and Air Freight : The Impact of COVID-19 Lockdowns on Imports and Exports



    Publication date :

    2023


    Size :

    1 Online-Ressource (48 pages)


    Remarks:

    Campusweiter Zugriff (Universität Hannover).- Vervielfältigungen (z.B. Kopien, Downloads) sind nur von einzelnen Kapiteln oder Seiten und nur zum eigenen wissenschaftlichen Gebrauch erlaubt. Keine Weitergabe an Dritte. Kein systematisches Downloaden durch Robots.



    Type of media :

    Book


    Type of material :

    Electronic Resource


    Language :

    English






    England. Imports and exports during February

    Engineering Index Backfile | 1928



    Agricultural transportation: Air imports and exports

    Coto-Millán, Pablo / Sainz-Gonzalez, Rubén / Hontañón, Pedro Casares et al. | British Library Online Contents | 2018