In the last decade, driven by health and environmental concerns and bolstered by supportive political forces, the international Maritime Organization (IMO) has mandated a limit on the sulfur content of fuel to be used by marine engines and boilers. As an alternative pathway to lowering sulfur related emissions from ships, the IMO also approved use of exhaust gas cleaning systems. The IMO is a United Nations agency with responsibility for the safety and security of shipping and the prevention of marine pollution by ships. One of the most significant things to come out of the IMO is the international MARPOL Convention. All ships flagged under countries that are signatories to MARPOL are subject to its requirements and member nations are responsible for vessels registered under their respective nationalities. Most recently, MARPOL adopted Annex VI. Created in 1997 and entered into force in 2005, Annex VI sets limits on sulfur oxides (SOx) and nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions from ship exhausts and prohibits deliberate emissions of ozone depleting substances. It contains provisions allowing for special 'emission control areas' (ECAs) to be established with control that is more stringent on sulfur emissions. In these areas, the sulfur content of fuel oil used on board ships must not exceed set amounts, which are targeted to decrease over time. To comply with MARPOL Annex VI ships travelling in designated ECAs will be forced to operate using marine gas oil (MGO)/marine diesel oil (MDO)/low sulfur fuel oil (LSFO) or by using an exhaust gas cleaning system. This article focuses on the global ECA and non-ECA zones and the sulfur limits in these zones, the far reaching consequences of Annex VI for the vast majority of refiners and shippers, the exhaust gas scrubbing technology including BELCO scrubbing technology (for marine and refinery application), and the engineering of clean air on land and at sea. The simplest compliance solution is to switch to burning low sulfur fuel in lieu of the higher sulfur fuels currently used. This will affect the prices of both low and high sulfur fuels in an inverse way. It is expected that when the regulations take effect as early as 1st January 2015, demand for MGO/MDO/LSFO will increase, driving prices to record highs based on increased demand and creating shortages, while the price of high sulfur fuel oil (HSFO) will decrease. Other compliance options each come with their share of financial, technical and operational challenges. In the longer term, alternatives such as LNG, biofuels, dimethyl ether (DME) and methanol may provide solutions. However, more and more ships are adopting exhaust gas cleaning systems (EGCS) to absorb SOx out of exhaust gas to the required 0.1% S equivalent. The EGCS offers the flexibility to operate on any kind of bunker both in and out of ECAs. Marine scrubbing technology is an economically viable, low operating expenditure (OPEX) alternative to burning ultra low sulfur fuels. The technology can be installed with a payback period of less than two years while meeting all IMO equivalent sulfur emissions limits.


    Zugriff

    Zugriff über TIB

    Verfügbarkeit in meiner Bibliothek prüfen

    Bestellung bei Subito €


    Exportieren, teilen und zitieren



    Titel :

    Ripple effect


    Beteiligte:
    Billemeyer, Garrett (Autor:in) / Weaver, Edwin (Autor:in) / Saley, Thomas (Autor:in) / Davidson, Melanie (Autor:in)

    Erschienen in:

    Hydrocarbon Engineering ; 19 , 8 ; 40-45


    Erscheinungsdatum :

    2014


    Format / Umfang :

    5 Seiten, Bilder, 3 Quellen



    Medientyp :

    Aufsatz (Zeitschrift)


    Format :

    Print


    Sprache :

    Englisch




    Ripple Effect

    Hanford, Desiree J. | IuD Bahn | 2010



    TORQUE RIPPLE CONTROL

    LATULIPE ERIC | Europäisches Patentamt | 2020

    Freier Zugriff

    Wind ripple analysis

    AKINS, R. | AIAA | 1981


    Demolition of Ripple Rock

    Dolmage, V. / Mason, E.E. / Stewart, J.W. | Engineering Index Backfile | 1958