Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) is a powerful method for the design of rail tunnels with respect to the design criteria of passenger comfort and health requirements based on UIC 779-11. With the NUMSTA3 (NUMerical Simulation of Tunnel Aerodynamics) CFD code, a (arge variety of different scenarios can be simulated with different types of trains, cross sections and tunnel lengths. The numerical method is one-dimensional, compressible and transient. Entrance and movements of a train in a tunnel tube cause pressure waves, which propagate at sonic speed. When the nose of a train enters a tunnel, a pressure wave passes through the tunnel that induces an air velocity behind the wave. When the tail of a train enters the portal, an expansion wave is generated and the pressure decreases. At the exit portals and at cross section changes, the pressure waves are reflected and superimpose the initial pressure wave. The superimposing effect of different waves can produce very high peaks. The passage of a train through a tunnel causes pressure waves which propagate at sonic speed. At portals and at cross section changes, the pressure waves are reflected and superimpose the initial pressure wave. The amplitude of the pressure wave is mainly dependent on: The aero-dynamic shape, the length and the roughness of the train, the roughness of tunnel walls, the ratio between the cross section of train/tunnel, the shape of the portals. In extreme situations sonic boom phenomena in portal areas can be produced by these pressure waves. The pressure changes outside the train affect passenger health and comfort in the train and can be reduced by pressure-sealed cabins. Passenger comfort and health criteria are defined in UIC 779-11.


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