The calculation basis is a route with five km distance between stops served by an suburban commuter tram ("S-Bahn") containing of the locomotive four double-decker wagons and one control car. The optimisation results shown in Figure 7 refer to eleven operating hours per day over twenty years. The single cost elements of each axis are related to the minimal overall costs. The figure illustrates pareto-optimal solutions, a discrete approximation of the pareto-optimal set. The interpolated surface in between them serves to enhance the spatial impression and is not part of the solution. For an in-depth analysis a two-dimensional figure is used (Figure 8). The third dimension (fuel consumption costs) is represented by the colour of the point. Furthermore, the altitude of the four vertical bars as well as written numbers show the corresponding solution vector (design parameter set) for every objective value vector. In order to ensure a better resolution, the bars are respectively scaled upon the predefined co-domains of the solution vector. Thus, the altitude of a bar only gives insight of the relative size of a parameter within a certain solution vector component range. The grey horizontal bars show how good each solution performs with respect to the sum of single costs. The smaller they are, the lower are the overall costs. For the specified trip good solutions are reached with a high energy storage capacity and a small ASOC. This configuration leads to relatively low overall costs. Being operated within a narrow SOC range, an energy storage with high capacity leads to relatively high acquisition costs and low consumption and maintenance costs. In this case (solutions with high rated storage energy) the associated diesel engine power shows a high diversity. The solutions on the left side with high consumption and maintenance costs result in low driving power (Peng). Due to low storage costs and low driving power, low acquisition costs can be obtained in this part of the solution. This can be explained by lightweight configurations which do not lead to further costs due to overweight. Moreover, high maintenance costs can be clearly connected to a high ASOC. This is due to the rising replacement rates for the energy storage, which leads to an expensive energy throughput when operating with a high ASOC. High consumption costs occur when applying high energy batteries with low capacity. These batteries are cheaper and lighter compared to high power batteries with the same capacity. Due to their low charge and discharge power, they also have little potential to accommodate the full breaking energy. Therefore, the configuration consists of a cheap, low capacity battery, which leads to increasing consumption costs.


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    Titel :

    Life cycle cost calculations of diesel-electric locomotives with electrochemical storage systems


    Beteiligte:


    Erscheinungsdatum :

    2011


    Format / Umfang :

    11 Seiten, 8 Bilder, 9 Quellen



    Medientyp :

    Aufsatz (Konferenz)


    Format :

    Print


    Sprache :

    Englisch




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