Flüssiger Wasserstoff gilt international als der Kraftstoff der Zukunft und soll Kraftstoffe, die auf Mineralöl basieren ablösen. Flüssiger Wasserstoff ist in Bezug auf seine Volumen-Energie-Bilanz, Platzersparnis, Speicherung und Transport die wirtschaftlichste Alternative. Negativ wirkt sich der extrem hohe Energieaufwand für seine Verflüssigung auf seine Energiebilanz aus. Für den Umgang mit flüssigem Wasserstoff gelten eine Reihe von Gesetzen, Richtlinien und Regeln. Simulation physikalischer Phänomene ungeplant freigesetzten flüssigen Wasserstoffs durch Rechenmodelle. Beschreibung von Versuchen zum Verhalten größerer Mengen unplanmäßig freigesetzten kryogenen Wasserstoffs.
The interest in hydrogen as a clean fuel and energy carrier of the future has grown in many countries and initiated comprehensive research, development, and demonstration activities with the main objective of the transition from a fossil towards a CO2 emission lean energy structure as the ultimate goal. Reasons for these worldwide incentives towards a change of the energy structure are the obvious indications for a climate change from man-made greenhouse gas emissions, the steadily increasing world energy consumption connected with the finite nature of fossil resources, but also the need of reducing national dependencies on energy imports. Hydrogen represents an energy carrier with high energy content and a clean, environmentally friendly source of energy to the end-user. The volume-related energy content of gaseous hydrogen, however, is comparatively small. For various applications of hydrogen where volume is an essential issue, it is necessary, e.g., to liquefy the hydrogen for the sake of volume reduction. But there are also other situations where the liquid state represents a reasonable and economic solution for storage and distribution of large amounts of hydrogen depending on the end-user's requirements. Furthermore liquid hydrogen has the advantage of extreme cleanliness making it, apart from its cooling ability, appropriate in many industrial applications. Major drawback is the enormous energy input required to liquefy the hydrogen gas, which has a significant impact on the economy of handling LH2. The experimental and theoretical investigation of the characteristics of liquid hydrogen, its favorable and unfavorable properties, as well as the lessons learnt from accidents have led to a set of codes, standards, regulations, and guidelines, which resulted in a high level of safety achieved today. This applies to both LYL2 production and the methods of mobile or stationary storage and transportation/distribution, and its application in both science and industries. The hazards associated with the presence and operation of LH2 containing systems are subject of safety and risk assessments. Essential part of such accident sequence analyses is the simulation of the physical phenomena, which occur in connection with the inadvertent release of LH2 into the environment by computation models. The behavior of cryogenic pool propagation and vaporization on either a liquid or a solid ground is principally well understood. Furthermore state-of-the-art computer models have been developed and validated against respective experimental data. There are, however, still open questions which require further efforts to extent the still poor experimental data basis. These efforts should include the examination of the pool propagation from large spills of LH2, the vaporization on different grounds, and pool fire, but also the atmospheric dispersion behavior of cold vapor clouds evolving from the vaporization of the cryogenic liquid.
Safety considerations on liquid hydrogen
2008
167 Seiten, Bilder, Tabellen, Quellen
Report
Englisch
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