Canada has a well-developed framework for the management of shipping through area-based management (ABM) approaches which operates in direct and indirect ways. Regulatory tools available for the direct spatial management of shipping are used by federal government and port authorities, followed by indirect ways of spatial management of shipping undertaken by federal agencies through the designation of marine protected areas, national marine conservation areas, marine wildlife areas, marine bird sanctuaries, and fisheries habitat sanctuaries, whose principal purpose is marine conservation, which have incidental effects on shipping. The chapter assesses federal government ABM practices from the perspectives of purposes and functions, implementation of international commitments, allocation of ocean space, and considerations for the integrated approach in ocean management, followed by concluding observations on marine spatial planning and the likelihood that Canada will continue to manage its ocean spaces by using shipping ABM tools on a problem-by-problem basis.


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