The Soviet Union (Russia) was the first country to launch humans into space with the launch of Yuri Gagarin on April 12, 1961. This chapter reviews of human spaceflight associated mishaps and incidents launched by Russia (former Soviet Union) and their human health threats involved with spaceflight. The mainstay Russian launch system is the Soyuz spacecraft that has been used since 1967 in its six iterations (Soyuz 7K, T, TM, TMA, TMA-M, and its latest MS variant). Human spaceflight owes much to the Russian Space Program as it implemented previously untried means to launch and keep humans alive. The Russians, having chosen space stations in Low Earth Orbit rather than a lunar program, rapidly set all the long duration records, most of which still hold today. The Russians have three cosmonauts who have exceeded 1 year for a single mission. Russian cosmonauts’ cumulative totals include three with over 800 days in space, another three with over 700 days in space, and another three with over 600 total days in space. The early Russian space program had its share of significant incidents including launch abort, ascent abort (most recently in Oct 2018), combustion, depressurization, toxic atmosphere, medical and psychologic events, three early mission terminations and three other near evacuations, as well as entry and landing and post-landing events. There two fatal mishaps, Soyuz 1 in 1967 and Soyuz 11 in 1971, resulted in four lost cosmonauts. Lessons learned from mishaps have contributed significantly to improved safety and reliability in human spaceflight.
Human Spaceflight Accidents: The USSR/Russian Space Program
Handbook of Bioastronautics ; Kapitel : 65 ; 781-796
17.08.2021
16 pages
Aufsatz/Kapitel (Buch)
Elektronische Ressource
Englisch
Significant Incidents , Mishaps , Human factors , Medical , Russia , Soviet Union Engineering , Aerospace Technology and Astronautics , Human Physiology , Medicine/Public Health, general , Space Sciences (including Extraterrestrial Physics, Space Exploration and Astronautics) , Biomedical Engineering and Bioengineering
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