The paper summarizes analysis of the energy consumption and air pollution impacts of eight case studies of new or improved transit services. The case studies include (a) areawide bus service improvement programs involving route extensions, increased frequencies, new lines, demand responsive service, and fare reductions; (b) new corridor exclusive busway service on the Shirley Highway and San Bernardino Freeway; and (c) new rail transit service in the Philadelphia-Lindenwold corridor. Probabilistic models were developed for each of these three service improvement scenerios to account for key travel demand and transportation system factors affecting energy consumption and air pollution impact levels. Results showed that low patronage response to areawide bus improvements as well as diversion from prior bus service, carpools, etc. and extensive auto access (park-and-ride, kiss-and-ride) to corridor systems reduce expected energy and air pollution gains and may, under certain conditions found in four case studies, result in possible energy use increases. Additionally, it was found that auto use for corridor system access may worsen air quality conditions in suburban areas in the vicinity of corridor transit terminal locations.


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