Oceanic communications required to support aviation in selected portions of the North Atlantic (NAT), Central East Specific (CEP) and Caribbean (CAR) areas involve many elements including ground-to-ground communications between air traffic control (ATC) facilities and air-to-ground communications using very-high frequency (VHF) where available, communications are often conducted by special radio stations which relay messages to air traffic controllers. The NAT is serviced by six major communications stations and the CEP by two. The CAR has a number of domestic service stations and control facilities providing VHF and HF communications to the majority of flights, and at least two major centers providing HF communications for long range over-water operations. Ground-to-ground data such as flight plans are distributed among facilities via an international teletypewriter network called the Aeronautical Fixed Telecommunications Network (AFTN). Voice communication between controllers is accomplished over a network called the air traffic services (ATS) direct speech circuits. These two systems often use the same physical links.


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