Descriptions of lakeshore bathymetry and its temporal variations over a 4-year period are based on 125 shore-normal profiles from 35 stations and aerial photos covering 50 kilometers of shore near Pentwater Harbor on the eastern shore of Lake Hichigan. A sequence of four, well-developed, straight longshore bars paralleled the shore. These bars were observed to merge with one another only twice along the entire 50 kilometers, and were persistent year-round features. There was also a temporary coastal bar which displayed at least four distinct aerial patterns. In wavelength, lacustrine longshore bars overlap with the sand waves from continental shelves; in relief, bars are somewhat smaller (0.1 to 2.2 meters). Bar relief equals approximately one-half crest depth or one-third trough depth. The upper limit on the cross-sectional area of a given bar is numerically about the same (in square meters) as the spacing (in meters) between it and the next bar shoreward. As depth decreases toward shore, the cross-sectional dimensions, including bar height and spacing, decrease in regular progressions. Waves were observed to break almost exclusively by spilling, indicating that contrary to previous reports, plunging-type breakers are not necessary for bar development. The frequency of waves breaking on the outer bar was calculated to be about 18 hours per decade, suggesting that the breakers at this depth (averaging 5.3 meters) may occur too infrequently to account for observed bar mobility and maintenance. From 1967 to 1971, the annual mean elevation of Lake Michigan rose 0.5 meters. Inner bars north of Pentwater Harbor rose 0.5 meters and migrated an average of 26 meters landward. The shoreline retreated, under the combined effects of submergence and erosion, at a rate that averaged 4 meters per year. Landward migration of longshore bars exceeded shoreline retreat by 75 percent. This difference may indicate a greater timelag in the response of the upper part of the beach to rising lake levels. Continued monitoring of all profile stations is desirable to determine whether the coupling observed between bars, shoreline, and lake level at Pentwater is a valid model for other areas of the eastern shore of Lake Michigan.
Observations of Barred Coastal Profiles Under the Influence of Rising Water Levels, Eastern Lake Michigan, 1967-71
Technical Report ; TR 76-1
1976
21849555
Report
Elektronische Ressource
Englisch
Coastal Changes, Eastern Lake Michigan, 1970-1973
HENRY – Bundesanstalt für Wasserbau (BAW) | 1976
|Coastal Changes, Eastern Lake Michigan, 1970-74
HENRY – Bundesanstalt für Wasserbau (BAW) | 1981
|Coastal Response to the Port Sheldon Jetties at Pigeon Lake, Michigan
HENRY – Bundesanstalt für Wasserbau (BAW) | 1991
|Sternwheeler for Michigan lake
Online Contents | 1995