Highlights In India in 2018, crude rate of non-fatal drowning-related hospitalisations was 31.34 per 100,000. Average out-of-pocket expenditure per drowning incident was INR25,421 (345.11USD). 9% of households potentially pushed below the poverty line when impacted by a drowning event. Prevention of drowning reduces economic burden on low-income households.

    Abstract Background: Drowning is a global public health challenge, with significant burden in low- and middle-income countries. There are few studies exploring nonfatal drowning, including the economic and social impacts. This study aimed to quantify unintentional drowning-related hospitalization in India and associated healthcare expenditure. Method: Unit level data on unintentional drowning-related hospitalization were obtained from the 75th rounds of the National Sample Survey of Indian households conducted in 2018. The outcome variables were indices of health care cost such as out of pocket expenditure (OOPE), health care burden (HCB), catastrophic health expenditure (CHE), impoverishment, and hardship financing. Descriptive statistics and multivariate analysis were conducted after adjusting for inflation using the pharmaceutical price index for December 2020. The association of socio-demographic characteristics with the outcome variable was reported as relative risk with 95% CI and expenditure reported in Indian Rupees (INR) and United States dollars (USD). Results: 174 respondents reported drowning-related hospitalization (a crude rate of 15.91–31.34 hospitalizations per 100,000 population). Proportionately, more males (63.4%), persons aged 21–50 years (44.9%) and rural dwelling respondents (69.9%) were hospitalized. Drowning-related hospitalization costs on average INR25,421 ($345.11USD) per person per drowning incident. Costs were higher among older respondents, females, urban respondents, and longer lengths of hospital stays. About 14.4% of respondents reported hardship financing as a result of treatment costs and 9.0% of households reported pushed below the poverty line when reporting drowning-related hospitalization. Conclusions: Drowning can be an economically catastrophic injury, especially for those already impacted by poverty. Drowning is a significant public health problem in India. Investment in drowning prevention program will reduce hospitalization and economic burden. Practical Applications: This study provides support for investment in drowning prevention in India, including a need to ensure drowning prevention interventions address the determinants of health across the lifespan.


    Zugriff

    Zugriff prüfen

    Verfügbarkeit in meiner Bibliothek prüfen

    Bestellung bei Subito €


    Exportieren, teilen und zitieren



    Psychological Constructs Related to Seat Belt Use: A Nationally Representative Survey Study

    Sheveland, Anna C. / Luchman, Joseph N. / Mendelson, Jonathan et al. | Elsevier | 2020


    Nonfatal farm injuries in Ontario: A population-based survey

    Pickett, William | Online Contents | 1995


    Nonfatal farm injuries in Eastern Ontario: A retrospective survey

    Brison, Robert James / Pickett, Charles William Lawrence | Elsevier | 1990



    Nonfatal tractor-related injuries presenting to a state trauma system

    Swanton, Amanda R. / Young, Tracy L. / Leinenkugel, Kathy et al. | Elsevier | 2015