HighlightsLife cycle greenhouse gas emissions are evaluated for Li-ion traction batteries.Key assumptions and differences in LCA studies of are identified.Impact reduction pathways are suggested based on study findings.
AbstractThe various studies that consider the life cycle environmental impacts of lithium-ion traction batteries report widely different results. This article evaluates the inventory data and results to identify the key assumptions and differences in the studies. To aid the identification, we compile the reported life cycle greenhouse gas emissions of batteries. The studies find production-related emissions in the range of 38–356kg CO2-eq/kWh. One of the main sources of the large variations stems from differing assumptions regarding direct energy demand associated with cell manufacture and pack assembly. Further differences are due to assumptions regarding the amount of cell materials and other battery components. The indirect emissions associated with the use phase depend on the conversion losses in the battery, the energy required to transport the weight of the battery, and the carbon intensity of the electricity. Of the reviewed studies assessing the use phase, all estimate energy use associated with conversion losses while only one considers the mass-induced energy requirement. Although there are several industrial end-of-life treatment alternatives for lithium-ion batteries, very few studies consider this life cycle stage. Studies using the “recycled content” approach report emissions in the range of 3.6–27kg CO2-eq/kWh battery, while studies using the “end-of-life“ approach report emission reductions in the range of 16–32kg CO2-eq/kWh battery. The uncertainty associated with the end-of-life results is high as the data availability on industrial process is limited. Based on our findings, we discuss how the life emissions of lithium-ion traction batteries may be reduced.
Identifying key assumptions and differences in life cycle assessment studies of lithium-ion traction batteries with focus on greenhouse gas emissions
2017-01-01
9 pages
Aufsatz (Zeitschrift)
Elektronische Ressource
Englisch
BEV , battery electric vehicle , EOL , end-of-life , GHG , greenhouse gas , LCA , life cycle assessment , LCO , lithium cobalt oxide , LFP , lithium iron phosphate , LMO , lithium manganese oxide , LTO , lithium titanium oxide , NCA , lithium nickelcobalt-aluminum oxide , NCM , lithium nickelcobalt-manganese oxide , PHEV , plug-in hybrid electric vehicle , SiNW , silicon nanowire , Life cycle assessment , Life cycle inventory analysis , Lithium-ion traction battery , Electric vehicle , Greenhouse gas emissions
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