Lead/acid batteries are available in various types, and for electric vehicles it is vital to select the correct technology for each application. The full range of types will be described, including new designs capable of very high levels of power. For larger vehicles, particularly buses and trucks, tubular-plate lead/acid batteries are preferred. These offer an excellent cycle life and good energy density. They may be adapted to reduce maintenance to very low levels through special charging systems and battery construction. Tubular-plate batteries using gel technology are maintenance-free and are well adapted to applications where opportunity charging is available. For smaller utility vehicles flooded or sealed lead/acid gel technology batteries are preferred. Smaller urban vehicles require sealed lead/acid batteries with high power densities. This is best provided by flat pasted-plate designs, using absorptive glass mat separators. For hybrid vehicles the duty cycle requires a moderate capacity but high levels of power to provide good acceleration. Sealed lead/acid batteries using pure lead plates offer enhanced high rate capability and have been developed to provide good cyclability. Battery selection is, however, only one aspect of providing the power source for an electric vehicle drive train. The battery needs to be considered as a power module, with systems for charging, monitoring and control, thermal management and fault detection all integrated into the battery pack. This systems engineering approach will be described and reference made to examples where it has been put into practice.
Optimising lead/acid batteries for electric vehicle applications: a systems engineering approach
Optimierte Bleiakkumulatoren für Anwendungen in Elektrofahrzeugen: Systemtechnische Betrachtung
EVS, International Electric Vehicle Symposium, 12 ; 2 ; 121-128
1994
8 Seiten, 2 Bilder, 2 Tabellen
Aufsatz (Konferenz)
Englisch
Optimizing Lead/Acid Batteries for Electric Vehicle Applications: A Systems Engineering Approach
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