In 1990, the California Air Resources Board established a mandate to introduce electric vehicles in order to improve air quality in Los Angeles and other capitals. The United States Advanced Battery Consortium has been formed by the big car companies, the Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI) and the Department of Energy in order to establish the requirements on EV batteries and to support battery development. The ZEBRA battery system is a candidate to power future electric vehicles. Not only because its energy density is three-fold that of lead-acid batteries (50% more than NiMH) but also because of all the other EV requirements such as power density, no maintenance, summer and winter operation, safety, failure tolerance and low cost potential are fulfilled. The electrode material is plain salt and nickel in combination with a ceramic electrolyte. The cell voltage is 2.58 V and the capacity of a standard cell is 32 Ah. Some hundred cells are connected in series and parallel to form a battery with about 300 V OCV. The battery system including battery controller, main circuit-breaker and cooling system is engineered for vehicle integration and ready to be mounted in a vehicle. The background of these features are described.


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    ZEBRA battery meets USABC goals

    Dustmann, Cord-H. | Online Contents | 1998


    ZEBRA battery meets USABC goals

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    USABC development of 12 volt battery for start-stop application

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    USABC electric vehicle battery status and challenges for the future

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