Friction of rubber on ice and snow is important for performance of vehicle tyres in winter. We introduce a new linear tribometer that was designed for measuring the friction of rubber on ice. We have a new linear tribometer designed for ice friction studies. It operates at velocities between 0.01 m/s and 2 m/s, with a typical path length of 0.53 m and a temperature range of ambient to -15 °C. We have developed a technique to produce repeatable ice surfaces for testing. The ice was made from de-ionised water and tap water. We have shown that the machine produces reproducible consistent results for friction testing of rubber blocks on ice. In particular the measured friction coefficients have small standard deviations typically less than 3%. The values we obtain for friction are similar to those from other studies for similar sliding parameters. We obtain friction force as a function of sample travel; there is an initial peak for static friction followed by a plateau for constant velocity sliding, from the peak we obtain a coefficient of static friction and from averaging the data along the plateau we obtain a dynamic friction coefficient. The effects of the viscoelastic properties (mainly their compliance) of the rubber on friction become more apparent at lower temperatures and lower speeds. Whenever we observe a difference in friction between the rubbers, for given sliding conditions, that effect is clearly because of the rubber and not the ice. We find the highest friction with the softest rubber (lowest Tg). We explain this behaviour by considering the real area of contact as the softer compound will have a larger real area of contact resulting in higher friction; consequently the rubber with a Tg of - 9 °C shows lower friction than the rubbers with lower Tg. The two rubbers, A and B, with Tg below the test temperatures showed very similar behaviour, with differences in only a few cases. Stick-slip behaviour was seen in the investigation of rubber A on de-ionised ice at high loads, which resulted in a significantly higher fi compared to rubber B. During the investigation of velocity on ice made from tap water, the difference between rubbers A and B is likely to be because of differences in the viscoelastic properties of the rubbers. This behaviour is subtle and requires further investigation. Increasing load led to a decrease in μ in virtually all cases. For the lowest load the difference in n between the different rubbers was larger. We explain this again by considering the elasticity of the rubber, and their influence on the real area of contact.


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    Titel :

    Friction of rubber on ice: A new machine, influence of rubber properties and sliding parameters


    Beteiligte:

    Erschienen in:

    Erscheinungsdatum :

    2012


    Format / Umfang :

    9 Seiten, 9 Bilder, 2 Tabellen, 26 Quellen




    Medientyp :

    Aufsatz (Zeitschrift)


    Format :

    Print


    Sprache :

    Englisch




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