In the near future electric vehicles are expected to become ever more common. Due to the comparably low energy density of batteries in relation to the liquid fuels of today, vehicles will be required to recharge more often. In many cases this can be achieved in private premises such as private garages where billing for consumed energy is not a problem. However a large part of the population living in cities around the world relies on roadside parking where convenient billing for consumed energy is of interest. Charging of a large fleet of electric vehicles might also pose a significant threat to the stability of the electrical grid. For this purpose demand side management has appeared as a way to negotiate the risks. Both automated billing and demand side management require information to be transmitted between the consumer and external partners. In this paper we compare different ways to fulfill this need for information exchange and propose a cost efficient solution. The small amount of information needed to be transferred in combination with the low requirement on response time makes it possible to realize for automated billing using all communication channels presented. Even though the number of EVSEs will outnumber the electrical vehicles, many of these will be located in private garages or in similar private locations where there will be no need for separate billing. It is reasonable to believe that the number of EVSEs where billing occurs will be lower than the total amount of electrical vehicles. Assuming the vehicle is already connected to the Internet it appears unnecessary to duplicate this connection by also providing a separate Internet connection to the charge spot. We therefore suggest letting the EV be responsible for the communication towards the energy provider in most situations. For some cases, such as underground garages or where access to the mobile network is limited the vehicle's mobile access may need to be duplicated in order to provide a proper service. There is always a risk for modification of the communication or energy metering for profit. Manipulation of the information can be detected and prevented by the means of cryptography. When it comes to physically manipulating or exchanging hardware, for instance the energy meter, it might be harder to prevent. Modification of the equipment within the EV will generate a personal benefit for the end user at each charge no matter which charge spot is used; where as modification of equipment within the EVSE is limited to charging performed at that specific EVSE. Therefore it appears reasonable to believe that such modifications are more likely to occur in the EV than in the EVSE. This implies that locating the energy meter to the EVSE therefore lowers the incentive for manipulation of the hardware. However, a compelling argument to locating the energy meter within the vehicle is that verification of the meter's tamper seal can be performed by an independent part during normal vehicle inspection. Since it is reasonable to believe that electrical vehicles will outnumber public EVSEs with a need for billing we suggest locating the energy meter to within the EVSE. This should therefore not only minimize the total system cost but also lower the personal incentive to modify the charge equipment.


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    Titel :

    Evaluation of infrastructure data collection system for electrical vehicle billing and load control


    Beteiligte:


    Erscheinungsdatum :

    2011


    Format / Umfang :

    5 Seiten, 1 Bild, 2 Tabellen, 12 Quellen


    Medientyp :

    Aufsatz (Konferenz)


    Format :

    Print


    Sprache :

    Englisch






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