Transport is a major source of air pollution - most of the CO and NOx emissions and more than one fifth of the anthropogenic NMVOC, CO2 and PM emission stem from transport. The main contribution comes from road transport. Atmospheric models, which are used to identify and assess air pollution control strategies, need emission data with high spatial and temporal resolution as input data. Such data have to be produced with a quite complex bottom-up approach. Starting with the daily traffic volume on each of the road segments in Germany, emissions are calculated for all road segments and vehicle classes, taking into account road type, slope, traffic situation, and so on. The resulting emissions are then aggregated and emissions for cities, districts, federal states or countries are calculated. Not only exhaust emissions but also emissions from VOC from gasoline evaporation and hot soak losses and emissions of primary particles from resuspension, tyre and break wear are calculated. In order to investigate whether the new EC regulation will be able to solve or reduce the air pollution problems caused by transports, scenarios of future emissions have been prepared. The results show considerable reductions of the emissions of ca. 60 to 80 %. However, uncertainties are high, especially as the emission factors for future vehicles are estimated by comparing thresholds, but it is not proven that emissions during real driving will be reduced by the same amount. Furthermore, the reduction fo CO2 is less successful, as the scenario only gives a reduction of ca. 5% in 2020 compared to 1998. To assess the impacts of transport on human health and environment, the statement of the emissions of pollutants alone is less helpful. Rather, it would be useful to quantify the damage caused by the diffent pollutants. To be able to compare the different impacts, these are then converted into monetary units. The quantification of impacts in Europe caused by the emissions of air pollutants of the German transport systems demonstrates that most impacts stem from NOx-emissions, that are transformed to nitrates, followed by PM2.5 emissions. The most severe impact category is mortality, followed by chronic bronchitis and restricted activity days. The total damage amounts to 33 billion Euro, which is equivalent to 1.7 % of the German gross domestic product. Road transport is by far the main source of the damage, with accidents being the main problem, followed by noise, air pollution and global warming.
Emissions of air pollutants from transport and their impacts on environment and human health
2002
9 Seiten, 11 Bilder, 1 Tabelle
Aufsatz (Konferenz)
Englisch
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