It becomes clear that what complicates intersection signal phasing is the treatment of left-turn movements. Terminology such as “protected,” “permissive”(In this context, “permitted” and “permissive” are used interchangeably. Here, “permissive” is used to be consistent with MUTCD), “protected/permissive,” “leading,” “lagging,” and “leading-lagging” appear frequently in this context. The meaning of these terms are directly related to the following questions: Whether or not to provide protection to left-turn vehicles? What is the basis to make the determination? If there is a need to include a protected left-turn phase, should it be placed before or after opposing through movement? This chapter attempts to address these questions, based on which to determine a realistic plan of signal phases.


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