Mitigation of urea deposit formation and improved ammonia production at low exhaust temperatures continues to be one of the most significant challenges for current generation selective catalytic reduction (SCR) aftertreatment systems. Various technologies have been devised to alleviate these issues including: use of alternative reductant sources, and thermal treatment of the urea-water solution (UWS) pre-injection. The objective of this work was to expand the knowledge base of a potential third option, which entails chemical modification of UWS by addition of a titanium-based urea/isocyanic acid (HNCO) decomposition catalysts and/or surfactant to the fluid. Physical solid mixtures of urea with varying concentrations of ammonium titanyl oxalate (ATO), oxalic acid, and titanium dioxide (TiO2) were generated, and the differences in NH3 and CO2 produced upon thermal decomposition were quantified. It was found that addition of 2.0 mol % ATO to urea increased CO2 production by 821 % and NH3 production by 96 % at temperatures ≤ 215 °C, indicating significantly enhanced hydrolysis of HNCO. Conversely, it was demonstrated that addition of oxalic acid or TiO2 to urea exhibited little effect on NH3 and CO2 production, indicating both the importance of titanium in the mixture and adequate catalyst-substrate contact. Previous work by the authors demonstrated that addition of ATO to UWS did indeed result in decreased deposit formation in the exhaust system when compared to conventional UWS, and the extent of deposit reduction could be further enhanced by addition of surfactant to the solution. In this work, six distinct surfactants were added to UWS both with and without ATO, and the effect on deposit formation was quantified. In all cases, addition of both surfactant and ATO resulted in superior deposit mitigation when compared to UWS treated with ATO or surfactant individually. Finally, various ammonium peroxo-hydroxo titanium coordination complexes were synthesized and evaluated for catalytic urea decomposition using TGA-FTIR and compared against the observed activity of ATO.
Investigation into Low-Temperature Urea-Water Solution Decomposition by Addition of Titanium-Based Isocyanic Acid Hydrolysis Catalyst and Surfactant
Sae Int. J. Adv. and Curr. Prac. in Mobility
WCX SAE World Congress Experience ; 2020
Sae International Journal of Advances and Current Practices in Mobility ; 2 , 4 ; 2356-2373
2020-04-14
18 pages
Aufsatz (Konferenz)
Englisch
Isocyanic acid hydrolysis and ammonia-SCR reaction over hydrothermally aged Cu-ZSM5
SAE Technical Papers | 2019
|Isocyanic acid and ammonia in vehicle emissions
Online Contents | 2016
|Isocyanic acid and ammonia in vehicle emissions
Elsevier | 2016
|Low temperature urea decomposition and SCR performance
Kraftfahrwesen | 2005
|