Winter storms can deposit snow and ice on California's highways, which results in a significant loss of friction at the tire-road interface. The reduced friction in turn reduces the ability of vehicles to maintain stability and control, thus creating hazardous conditions. Accordingly, many states, including California, require the use of traction control devices, such as tire chains, on travelling vehicles to improve safety under winter conditions. A wide variety of winter traction control devices are available, and many devices are under development. While traction control devices are required in numerous states under extreme winter conditions, no uniform standards exist for their use or for their qualification testing. This report documents a survey of winter traction control devices and categorizes them according to their structures. Second, this report discusses the various methods used to measure road friction under winter conditions with the aim to understand how traction control devices can be tested and thus qualified for use. This work has investigated the methods used by transportation agencies, and the authors have found that only three government agencies use qualification testing. Each method uses a comparative approach, with the traditional snow chain serving as the baseline device.


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    Winter traction testing

    Schoop,S. / Young,B. / Alger,R. et al. | Kraftfahrwesen | 1994


    Winter traction testing

    Online Contents | 1994



    Improving traction control

    May, K. A. / Holzwarth, R. K. | British Library Online Contents | 1996