Decreasing military budgets. reduced training infrastructure, and increasing complexity of weapon systems and missions mandate the exploitation of innovative advanced training technologies. In recent years training developers have recognized the potential of virtual reality (VR), often called virtual environments (VE), as a flexible and effective training medium. A prime candidate area for examining the effectiveness and usability of VR systems is the training of the submarine surfaced ship handling task. Although land-based simulator facilities currently exist for training Submarine Piloting and Navigation teams, these systems do not provide detailed harbor and channel ship handling training for the Officer of the Deck (OOD). OOD training is primarily obtained from on-the-job experience, which is adversely impacted by the operational constraints of the Submarine Force, and the limited surfaced steaming time of submarines. Training that will expose junior officers to a variety of geographical and environmental conditions is very limited since most Commanding Officers place their most experienced OODs on watch during these challenging evolutions. Therefore, an alternative, high-fidelity. simulation- based training capability is needed. A VR-based simulation may provide this necessary capability if it is both effective and user-friendly.


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