The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE), Walla Walla and Portland Districts, and the Bureau of Reclamation (Reclamation) (Action Agencies) are in the process of addressing the 2008/10 NOAA Fisheries Biological Opinion (BiOp) for operation of the Federal Columbia River Power System that includes Reasonable and Prudent Alternatives (RPAs) 45, 47, 66, and 68. As part of implementing these RPAs, the Action Agencies have developed, and are in the process of implementing, pertinent parts of Caspian tern (Hydroprogne caspia) management plans. This implementation includes relocating nesting Caspian terns out of the Columbia River estuary and the mid-Columbia River region to reduce predation on salmonids listed under the Endangered Species Act. As part of implementing these management plans, the Action Agencies developed Caspian tern and western snowy plover (Charadrius alexandrinus nivosus) habitat at the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Don Edwards San Francisco Bay National Wildlife Refuge (DENWR) prior to the 2015 nesting season. Previous studies indicated that salmonids make up a small proportion of the diet of Caspian terns nesting in South San Francisco Bay, and that most smolts consumed by Caspian terns were hatchery-raised and non-listed (Evans and others, 2011; Collis and others, 2012), suggesting that development of Caspian tern nesting colonies in south San Francisco Bay is unlikely to negatively affect endangered salmonids. Nesting habitat for the threatened snowy plover was developed to reduce or eliminate potential conflicts between nesting terns and plovers.


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    Titel :

    Evaluation of Caspian Tern (Hydroprogne caspia) and Snowy Plover (Charadrius alexandrinus nivosus) Nesting on Modified Islands at the Don Edwards San Francisco Bay National Wildlife Refuge, California. 2015 Annual Report


    Beteiligte:
    Hartman C. A. (Autor:in) / Ackerman J. T. (Autor:in) / Herzog M. P. (Autor:in) / Strong C. (Autor:in) / Trachtenbarg D. (Autor:in)

    Erscheinungsdatum :

    2016


    Format / Umfang :

    46 pages


    Medientyp :

    Report


    Format :

    Keine Angabe


    Sprache :

    Englisch