Highlights Short-sea shipping visibly contributes to particles concentrations in coastal areas. The bottom-up model predicts consistent particle number concentration, PN, values. Differently, contribution of ships on PM2.5 cannot be inferred by bottom-up model. Existing regional fuel quality restrictions mostly reduce PM2.5 emissions. Cleaner fuels and available after-treatment systems highly reduce PN/PM2.5 levels.
Abstract Several studies indicate that short-sea shipping is an important source of air pollution for coastal areas and port cities. This paper reports results of a non-reactive particles dispersion model and a new set of experiments implemented for the Channel of Procida (Italy), an area with a high signal-to-noise ratio, due to intense marine traffic and low background pollution. The model successfully predicts particle number concentrations but underestimates PM2.5 data. Model and experiments show that thanks to the EU policies on marine fuels, the Channel of Procida already has good air quality levels. Besides, the paper demonstrates that fostering the use of LNG or methanol or the application of an exhaust-gas-cleaning-system may allow reducing particles emissions well above 90%. The reliability of control strategies and the benefits for the population suggest that the introduction of regulations on particles emissions for ships can be a realistic option for the future environmental policy agenda.
Short-sea shipping contributions to particle concentration in coastal areas: Impact and mitigation
2022-01-01
Aufsatz (Zeitschrift)
Elektronische Ressource
Englisch
Particulate matter , Ships emissions , Bottom-up model , Pollution control strategies , Environmental policy , <bold>BIO30</bold> , Biodiesel fuel (30%) , <bold>CRF</bold> , Concentration–response function for pollutant related morbidity and mortality, including consideration of effects on susceptible population. , <bold>c<inf>B</inf></bold> , Number concentration of particles in the background air, in 1/m<sup>3</sup> , <bold>c<inf>s</inf></bold> , Number concentration of particles deriving from ships’s engines, in 1/m<sup>3</sup> , <bold>DALYs</bold> , Disability-adjusted life year, One DALY represents the loss of the equivalent of one year of full health , <bold>D<inf>f</inf></bold> , Dilution factor , <bold>DF</bold> , Ultra-low sulphur distilled fuel , <bold>DPF</bold> , Diesel Particulate Filter , <bold>EF<inf>25%</inf></bold> , Emission factor of the engine at 25% load, in mg/kWh or 1/kWh , Emission factor of the engine at 75% load, in mg/kWh or 1/kWh , <bold>EF<inf>t</inf></bold> , is the average emission factor for a single ship journey, g/journey or 1/journey , <bold>f<inf>exp</inf></bold> , fraction of time during which the experiments show the presence of ships’ plumes during the sampling time , <bold>HFO</bold> , Heavy-fuel oil , <bold>η</bold> , Mass or number based particles removal efficiency, % , <bold>IFO</bold> , Intermediate fuel oil , <bold>IMO</bold> , International Maritime Organization , <bold>LNG</bold> , Liquefied natural gas , <bold>MGO</bold> , Marine Gas oil , <bold>n<inf>exp</inf></bold> , Number of ships passing close to the sampling point during the experiments , <bold>n<inf>t</inf></bold> , Average hourly number of travels in a day, in 1/h , <bold>P</bold> , Engine power, in kW , <bold>PN</bold> , Particulate number concentration, in 1/m<sup>3</sup> , <bold>PM<inf>x</inf></bold> , Particulate mass concentration for particles finer than x µm, in µg/m<sup>3</sup> , <bold>PSD</bold> , Particle size distribution , <bold>RR</bold> , Relative risk. Is the ratio of the risks for an event for the exposure group to the risks for the non-exposure group , <bold>t<inf>m</inf></bold> , Average ship’s maneuvering time, h , <bold>t<inf>v</inf></bold> , Average ship’s time of travel in the Channel area, h , <bold>UFP</bold> , Ultrafine particles, having an aerodynamic diameter of 0.1 µm (100 nm) or less , <bold>WES</bold> , Wet Electrostatic Scrubber , <bold>WESP</bold> , Wet Electrostatic Precipitator , <bold>WS</bold> , Wet Scrubber , <bold>WHO</bold> , World Health Organization
Coastal and Short Sea Shipping
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